mexiko ‑‑ wikipedia
[205], The Mexican Armed Forces have two branches: the Mexican Army (which includes the Mexican Air Force), and the Mexican Navy. Ändå utgör handel och tjänster, inklusive turismen, numera huvuddelen av bruttonationalprodukten. Mexican silver pesos became the first globally used currency. [457] Antonio Carbajal was the first player to appear in five World Cups,[458] and Hugo Sánchez was named best CONCACAF player of the 20th century by IFFHS. [131] Mexico remained neutral in the conflict. [161] About 2,500 species are protected by Mexican legislations.[161]. Rock bands such as Maná, Café Tacuba, and Zoé are among the highest grossing in sales and Alejandra Guzmán and Lila Downs are two women who have achieve success in the rock genre in more recent times. [162] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.82/10, ranking it 63rd globally out of 172 countries. The post-revolutionary project of the Mexican government sought to bring order to the country, end military intervention in politics, and create organizations of interest groups. Freedom of design is observed in relation to the color and texture of the canvases and murals as a period of transition between the 20th century and the 21st century. [106] This event, known as the Cry of Dolores (Spanish: Grito de Dolores) is commemorated each year, on 16 September, as Mexico's independence day. [431] According to a 1997 study, domestic abuse in Mexican culture "is embedded in gender and marital relations fostered in Mexican women's dependence on their spouses for subsistence and for self-esteem, sustained by ideologies of romantic love, by family structure and residential arrangements". The Oaxacan School quickly gained fame and prestige, diffusion of ancestral and modern culture. Calles declared that the Revolution had moved from caudillismo (rule by strongmen) to the era institucional (institutional era).[132]. Being at the crossroads of trade, people and cultures, Mexico City has been called the "first world city". The expeditionary forces withdrew as the U.S. entered World War I. [243], The states are divided into municipalities, the smallest administrative political entity in the country, governed by a mayor or municipal president (presidente municipal), elected by its residents by plurality. Madero won a surprising amount of political support when Díaz changed his mind an ran in the election, jailing Madero. The situation changes when the different Pentecostal denominations are considered as separate entities. The United Mexican States are a federation whose government is representative, democratic and republican based on a presidential system according to the 1917 Constitution. [197] Mexico supported the Cuban government since its establishment in the early 1960s,[198] the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua during the late 1970s,[199] and leftist revolutionary groups in El Salvador during the 1980s. This Act also abolished slavery and the caste system and, being a Catholic priest himself, Morelos called for Roman Catholicism to be the exclusive faith in Mexico. At this time, during the Epi-Classic, Nahua peoples began moving south into Mesoamerica from the North, and became politically and culturally dominant in central Mexico, as they displaced speakers of Oto-Manguean languages. [71] The native population declined 80–90% by 1600 to 1–2.5 million. [39] Mexico is a member of the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus group, and the Pacific Alliance trade bloc. Den här artikeln behandlar Mexikos historia.. När Mexiko år 1521 blev en spansk koloni fanns där högtstående indianska civilisationer, såsom maya, azteker, purepecha (tarasker) och mixteker.Maya-civilisationen (750–950 e.Kr.) [268] In the 2010s expansion of the sector was surging. Religious sculpture was reduced to a sporadic imagery, while the secular sculpture continued in portraits and monumental art of a civic nature. [118] Another army general assumed the presidency of Mexico. The discovery of the Americas brought to the rest of the world many widely used food crops and edible plants. The following decades were marked by instability and dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz, who sought to modernize Mexico and restore order. [72] Mexico City was systematically rebuilt by Cortés following the Fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521. [380], In the early 1960s, around 600,000 Mexicans lived abroad, which increased sevenfold by the 1990s to 4.4 million. Mexico City is one of the most important cultural and financial centers in the world. [91] The Nao de China (Manila Galleons) operated for two and a half centuries and connected New Spain with Asia. Luis Echeverría, Minister of the Interior under Díaz Ordaz, carrying out the repression during the Olympics, was elected president in 1970. The coalition also won a majority in both the upper and lower congress chambers. Hälften av befolkningen lever i fattigdom, men Mexiko befinner sig i snabb utveckling. It is concluded that the population growth trends of whites and mestizos were even, while the percentage of the indigenous population decreased at a rate of 13%–17% per century, mostly due to the latter having higher mortality rates from living in remote locations and being in constant war with the colonists. However, the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT) reported two cases of COVID-19 in mid-January 2020 in the states of Nayarit … [386] The letter x is distinctly used in Mexican Spanish, which may be pronounced as [ks] (as in oxígeno or taxi), as [ʃ] particularly in Amerindian words (e.g. Known as Agustín Lara, the Mexican composer was and interpreter of songs and boleros, most popular songwriter of his era. Denna kategori har följande 19 underkategorier (av totalt 19). This enabled the transition from paleo-Indian hunter-gatherers to sedentary agricultural villages beginning around 5000 BC. In 1954 American vocalist of Mexican heritage Andy Russell, relocated to Mexico where he became a star of radio, records and nightclubs, specializing in traditional pop and Latin music. [17], Mexico's early history as a nation state was marked by political and socioeconomic upheaval. To the south of Cancun is the coastal strip called Riviera Maya which includes the beach town of Playa del Carmen and the ecological parks of Xcaret and Xel-Há. [407] According to the 2020 census, there are 58,876 Jews in Mexico. Grupo Multimedios is another media conglomerate with Spanish-language broadcasting in Mexico, Spain, and the United States. [455][456] Mexico's top clubs are América with 12 championships, Guadalajara with 11, and Toluca with 10. [108]:35–37 . There were formal legal designations of racial categories. [388] Mixtec and Zapotec, both with estimated 500,000 native speakers each, are two other well-known language groups. Alondra de la Parra is also an official cultural ambassador of Mexico. [117] The Mexican Army that had its roots in the colonial royal army and then the army of the early republic was destroyed. Kategori:Mexiko. Much of the identity, traditions and architecture of Mexico developed during the 300-year colonial period from 1521 to independence in 1821. As of 2010, Pentecostal churches together have more than 1.3 million adherents, which in net numbers place them as the second Christian creed in Mexico. ", "Oldest Public Library in the Americas is in Mexico", "EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE HISTORY OF TEQUILA", "Filipinos in Nueva España: Filipino-Mexican Relations, Mestizaje, and Identity in Colonial and Contemporary Mexico", "Missing millions: the human cost of the Mexican Revolution", "The Mexican Revolution and the United States in the Collections of the Library of Congress, U.S. Involvement Before 1913", "Punitive Expedition in Mexico, 1916–1917", "85º ANIVERSARIO DE LA FUNDACIÓN DEL PARTIDO NACIONAL REVOLUCIONARIO (PNR)", "Mexico's Domestic Economy: Policy Options and Choices", "Massacres, disappearances and 1968: Mexicans remember the victims of a 'perfect dictatorship, "Vargas Llosa: "México es la dictadura perfecta, "Elecciones presidenciales 2006 en México. The culmination was the Tlatelolco Massacre,[134] which claimed the lives of around 300 protesters based on conservative estimates and perhaps as many as 800. [83] Since the indigenous population of New Spain was so large, there was less labor demand for expensive black slaves than other parts of Spanish America. [385][324] Mexican Spanish refers to the varieties of the language spoken in the country, which differ from one region to another in sound, structure, and vocabulary. [235] In October 2007, President Calderón and US president George W. Bush announced the Mérida Initiative, a plan of law enforcement cooperation between the two countries. [381] As for Latin America, it is estimated that 69,000 Mexicans live in the region, Guatemala (18,000) being the top destination for expatriates, followed by Bolivia (10,000) and Panama (5,000). In the same census The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, whose members are known as Mormons, reported 314,932 members,[404] though the church claimed in 2009 to have over one million registered members. President Miguel de la Madrid (1982–88) resorted to currency devaluations which in turn sparked inflation. [49] In the subsequent pre-classical period, the Maya and Zapotec civilizations developed complex centers at Calakmul and Monte Albán, respectively. [172], Three parties have historically been the dominant parties in Mexican politics: the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), a catch-all party[173] and member of the Socialist International[174] that was founded in 1929 to unite all the factions of the Mexican Revolution and held an almost hegemonic power in Mexican politics since then; the National Action Party (PAN), a conservative party founded in 1939 and belonging to the Christian Democrat Organization of America;[175] and the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) a left-wing party,[176] founded in 1989 as the successor of the coalition of socialists and liberal parties. [451] Finally, on 16 November 2010 Mexican gastronomy was recognized as Intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO. [223] Social determinants of health can be used to evaluate the state of health in Mexico. PRI rule became increasingly authoritarian and at times oppressive in what is now referred to as the Mexican Dirty War.[136]. Meyer, Michael C., William L. Sherman, and Susan M. Deeds. The President also appoints the Cabinet and other officers. [108]:53–80 Similarly to José María Morelos' goals. It was a prelude to more civil wars and yet another foreign invasion. I Mexiko fanns tidigt högkulturer. ", "Sistema de información e indicadores sobre la población indígena de México", "Indicadores socioeconómicos de los pueblos indígenas", "Racism and mental health among university students in Mexico City", "Visión INEGI 2021 Dr. Julio Santaella Castell", "Ser mestizo en la nueva España a fines del siglo XVIII: Acatzingo, 1792", "Presentación de la Encuesta Intercensal- Principales resultados", "Principales resultados—Encuesta Intercensal 2015", "Tabulados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015", "Find Local Contractors – Home Remodeling Contractors on Ecnext", "Latin America's lost histories revealed in modern DNA", "Yearbook of Migration and Remittances: Mexico 2018", "Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin", INALI [Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas], "Indigenous Languages in Mexico: Speakers Aged Three or Older", "Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas", "Model of Accreditation and Certification of Indigenous Languages", "The Mennonite Old Colony Vision: Under siege in Mexico and the Canadian Connection", "English in Mexico: An examination of policy, perceptions and influencing factors", "En México sólo 5% de la población habla inglés: IMCO", "Le Mexique, l'acteur qui monte dans la francophonie d'Amérique", "Catolicismo y otras religiones pierden creyentes en México", "Cristianismos orientales: persecución, muerte, migración y cambio – Resonancias – Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales", "La Santa Muerte y la cultura de los derechos humanos", "En Chamula, cambiar religión se considera delito", "Mexico to End Work of U.S. Translators With Indians", "Mexico – Health Care and Social Security", "Sistema Nacional de Información en Salud – Infraestructura", https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/MEX/mexico/literacy-rate, "Nombran al Tec de Monterrey como la mejor universidad privada de México", "Presenta AMLO Gabinete para Presidencia 2018–2024 #GabineteAMLO – AMLO", "Why Latin America treats "femicides" differently from other murders", "Femicide and Impunity in Mexico: A context of structural and generalized violence", "Wave Of Femicide Surges Across Mexico, Killing 6 Women Per Day", "In Mexico, Women Go on Strike Nationwide to Protest Violence", "Mexican Women Stay Home To Protest Femicides In 'A Day Without Us, "7 Notable Mexican Authors Who Changed History", "Presentan en París candidatura de gastronomía mexicana", "Latina chef Daniela Soto-Innes is youngest to be named 'World's Best Female Chef, "CNNSI.com – 2002 World Cup — World Cup Hall of Fame: Antonio Carbajal — Wednesday May 08, 2002 10:46 PM", "Hugo Sánchez donó trofeos pichichi y mejor jugador CONCACAF al Real Madrid", "Los mejores deportistas mexicanos de la historia", "México, una historia de éxito en la Serie Mundial de Ligas Menores", "México es Campeón en el Mundial Sub-23 de beisbol", "FIBA – Mexico to host 2015 FIBA Americas Championship", "Los medallistas que ha tenido el Box Olímpico mexicano", "Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins", Mexico Tourism Official Website |VisitMexico, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexico&oldid=1016820021, Spanish-speaking countries and territories, States and territories established in 1810, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2011, Articles with dead external links from July 2019, Articles with incomplete citations from December 2020, Articles with dead external links from July 2013, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019, Articles needing additional references from September 2020, 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identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Landet är en federal konstitutionell republik i Nordamerika. Cave painting in Mexican territory is about 7500 years old and has been found in the caves of the Baja California Peninsula. [108]:40–41 In 1813 the Congress of Chilpancingo was convened and, on 6 November, signed the "Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America". [230], President Felipe Calderón (2006–12) made eradicating organized crime one of the top priorities of his administration by deploying military personnel to cities where drug cartels operate. The viceroy was highest official of the State. Consolidating power, President Carranza had peasant-leader Emiliano Zapata assassinated in 1919. Mexican painting of the 20th century has achieved world renown with figures such as David Alfaro Siqueiros, José Clemente Orozco, Joaquín Clausell, Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera, a generation of idealists who marked the image of modern Mexico in the face of strong social and economic criticism. [267] The industry produces technologically complex components and engages in some research and development activities. [citation needed]. Having won re-election, Juárez died in office of natural causes in July 1872, and Liberal Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada became president, declaring a "religion of state" for rule of law, peace, and order. The Mexican satellite system is domestic and operates 120 earth stations. [107] The first insurgent group was formed by Hidalgo, the Spanish viceregal army captain Ignacio Allende, the militia captain Juan Aldama and La Corregidora (English: "The Magistrate") Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez. Constitutionalist general Pancho Villa, commander of the Division of the North, broke with Carranza and allied with Zapata. History. [274] In 2006, trade with the United States and Canada accounted for almost 50% of Mexico's exports and 45% of its imports. Geophysically, some geographers include the territory east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (around 12% of the total) within Central America. Mexiko (eller México) är en av landet Mexikos delstater och är belägen i den centrala delen av landet. [152], During the COVID-19 pandemic, as of mid-March 2020, the country had a few cases, but as of mid-July, there were over 320,000 cases reported. [297] Many scientific institutes and new institutes of higher learning, such as National Polytechnic Institute (founded in 1936),[298] were established during the first half of the 20th century. [74], In the first half-century of Spanish rule, a network of Spanish cities was created, sometimes on pre-Hispanic sites. Castilian Spanish was the language of rulers. The volatility of the urban poor in Mexico City was evident in the 1692 riot in the Zócalo. These include 34 biosphere reserves (unaltered ecosystems), 67 national parks, 4 natural monuments (protected in perpetuity for their aesthetic, scientific or historical value), 26 areas of protected flora and fauna, 4 areas for natural resource protection (conservation of soil, hydrological basins and forests) and 17 sanctuaries (zones rich in diverse species).[159]. The Texas Revolution and the Mexican–American War in the mid 19th century led to huge territorial losses to the United States. [citation needed], In the 19th century the neoclassical movement arose as a response to the objectives of the republican nation, one of its examples are the Hospicio Cabañas where the strict plastic of the classical orders are represented in their architectural elements, new religious buildings also arise, civilian and military that demonstrate the presence of neoclassicism. Photographer Hugo Brehme specialized in images of "picturesque" Mexico, with images of Mexican places and often rural people. [52] Alexander von Humboldt popularized the modern usage of "Aztec" as a collective term applied to all the people linked by trade, custom, religion, and language to the Mexica state and Ēxcān Tlahtōlōyān, the Triple Alliance. Other Indigenous products are many beans. [240] Formerly known as the Federal District, its autonomy was previously limited relative to that of the states. His successor and brother Cuitláhuac took control of the Aztec empire, but was among the first to fall from the first smallpox epidemic in the area a short time later. Because of these achievements the country earned the hosting rights for the 2015 FIBA Americas Championship. Mexico has had several players signed by Major League teams, the most famous of them being Dodgers pitcher Fernando Valenzuela. [296] UNAM provides world class education in science, medicine, and engineering. Between 1820 and 1880 the predominant themes were, successively: religious images, biblical scenes, allegories to the symbols of the independence insurgency, scenes and personages of pre-Hispanic history, and busts of the old aristocracy, of the nascent bourgeoisie and commanders of the pre-revolution. Terrängen i Toluca de Lerdo är kuperad västerut, men österut är den platt. Mexican pop stars such as Armando Manzanero, José José, Juan Gabriel, and Lucía Méndez, have become within the geographic region celebrities, as have contemporary musical artists such as Ana Gabriel, Yuri, Marco Antonio Solís, Cristian Castro, Gloria Trevi, Paulina Rubio, Thalía, Aleks Syntek, Natalia Lafourcade and Dulce María. [402] The feast day of Our Lady of Guadalupe, the patron saint of Mexico, is celebrated on 12 December and is regarded by many Mexicans as the most important religious holiday of their country.[403]. He won the 1980 Pritzker Prize, the highest award in architecture. Mexico is a small mill town for the papermaking industry. Verónica Ruiz de Velasco is a neofigurative painter and muralist. Liberalism became synonymous with patriotism. "[436] Nobel laureate Octavio Paz explores the notion of a Mexican national character in The Labyrinth of Solitude. Sor Juana was famous in her own time, called the "Ten Muse. [286][287][288] Mexico is the sixth-largest oil producer in the world, with 3.7 million barrels per day. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2005), p. 215. Spanish opera singer, conductor and arts administrator Plácido Domingo (in the 1990s part of The Three Tenors), started his career in Mexico and continued to do charitable work and presentations in Mexico. The most powerful rulers had religious and political power, organizing the construction of large ceremonial centers. www.rentalcars.com/Hyrbil/MexikoMexiko [1] Den ligger i delstaten Mexiko, i den sydöstra delen av landet, 60 km väster om huvudstaden Mexico City.Antalet invånare är 489 333. The telecommunications industry is mostly dominated by Telmex (Teléfonos de México), privatized in 1990. Mexico Ingles Airplay is a record chart published weekly by Billboard magazine for English-language singles receiving airplay in Mexico. Although the Spanish had established colonies in the Caribbean starting in 1493, it was not until the second decade of the sixteenth century that they began exploring the coast of Mexico. [213] In 1970, Mexico's national institute for nuclear research successfully refined weapons grade uranium[214][failed verification] which is used in the manufacture of nuclear weapons but in April 2010, Mexico agreed to turn over its weapons grade uranium to the United States. [109] Then, the Criollo Royalist, Agustin Iturbide, instead of attacking Vicente Guerrero, approached Guerrero to join forces as he was impressed with his tenacity despite fighting larger odds, and on 24 August 1821 representatives of the Spanish Crown and Iturbide signed the "Treaty of Córdoba" and the "Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire", which recognized the independence of Mexico under the terms of the "Plan of Iguala". It is estimated that nearly 24 million, or around a fifth of the population, study the language through public schools, private institutions or self-access channels. Former Royal Army General Agustín de Iturbide, became regent, as newly independent Mexico sought a constitutional monarch from Europe. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, México; Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010, Resultados preliminares, https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexiko_(delstat)&oldid=48935484, Wikipedia:Artiklar med Commonscatmall där property P373 har ett annat värde än mallen, Wikipedia:Alla artiklar med åtgärdsbehov relaterade till Wikidata, Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 3.0 Unported. [328][329][330][331][332] Less numerous groups in Mexico such as Asians and Middle Easterners are also accounted for, with numbers of around 1% each. Important painters of the late colonial period were Juan Correa, Cristóbal de Villalpando and Miguel Cabrera. After the slowdown of 2001 the country has recovered and has grown 4.2, 3.0 and 4.8 percent in 2004, 2005 and 2006,[249] even though it is considered to be well below Mexico's potential growth. Along with this practice, they avoided killing enemies on the battlefield. Life expectancy went from 36 years (in 1895) to 72 years (in the year 2000). Mesoamerican architecture is noted for its pyramids which are the largest such structures outside of Ancient Egypt. Läge i Mexiko Amatepec är en ort i Mexiko , och administrativ huvudort i kommunen Amatepec i den sydvästra delen av delstaten Mexiko , i den centrala delen av landet. [13], Pre-Columbian Mexico traces its origins to 8,000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization;[14] it was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, most notably the Maya and the Aztecs. [309] Of these, 10,474 km (6,508 mi) are multi-lane expressways: 9,544 km (5,930 mi) are four-lane highways and the rest have 6 or more lanes. According to Jacobo Grinberg (in texts edited by the National Autonomous University of Mexico), the survival of magic-religious rituals of the old indigenous groups is remarkable, not only in the current indigenous population but also in the mestizo and white population that make up the Mexican rural and urban society. GDP annual average growth was 2.9% in 2016 and 2% in 2017. Political opposition had been suppressed and there were few avenues for a new generation of leaders. The third-largest Christian group is the Jehovah's Witnesses, which totals more than 1 million adherents. The Supreme Court of Justice interprets laws and judges cases of federal competency. [143], In 2000, after 71 years, the PRI lost a presidential election to Vicente Fox of the opposition National Action Party (PAN). Mexiko (spanisch: México [ˈmexiko], nahuatl: Mexihco [meː'ʃiʔko]), amtlich Vereinigte Mexikanische Staaten, spanisch: Estados Unidos Mexicanos, ist eine Bundesrepublik in Nordamerika, die 31 Bundesstaaten und den Hauptstadtdistrikt Mexiko-Stadt umfasst. Carranza chose a political and revolutionary no-body to succeed him. [430] The remains of the victims were frequently mutilated. A provision of the Plan of Iguala of Agustín de Iturbide bringing about Mexican independence in 1821, also included Catholic exclusivity in the religious sphere. Several Jesuit humanists wrote at this time, and they were among the first to call for independence from Spain. "Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)". Almost all of Mexico lies in the North American Plate, with small parts of the Baja California peninsula on the Pacific and Cocos Plates. [268], The largest hydro plant in Mexico is the 2,400 MW Manuel Moreno Torres Dam in Chicoasén, Chiapas, in the Grijalva River. [381] At the turn of the 21st century, this figure more than doubled to 9.5 million.